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Unravelling the Complex Causes of Building Collapses in Kenya

In the wake of torrential rains, homeowners in Kenya grapple with the unsettling question of whether their houses will endure the elements. The construction industry in the country faces a persistent challenge, with over 723 structures flagged as dangerously unsafe by the National Construction Authority. Examining this issue comprehensively reveals several key contributors to the degradation of construction standards.

1. The Pitfalls of Cost Cutting: Poor Construction Practices

A primary factor behind building collapses in Kenya is the adoption of poor construction practices driven by the consistent desire to cut costs. Attempting to save money often leads to inadequate supervision, the use of cheap low-quality materials, and, in some cases, the avoidance of professional involvement in the construction process. This over-reliance on local “fundis”  in pursuit of financial savings frequently proves counterproductive, as the consequences of compromising on quality become apparent.

2. Corruption and Regulatory Oversight Challenges

Despite existing building codes and regulations, the enforcement of these standards is often inconsistent due to corruption and resource constraints within regulatory bodies and county governments. Some builders exploit these weaknesses, bypassing necessary approvals or inspections, allowing substandard construction to go unchecked. This collusion between corruption and construction undermines regulatory effectiveness.

3. Land Use Issues and Foundation Construction

The foundation is a critical element of any building, providing stability and support. Inadequate foundation construction is a common cause of building collapses in Kenya, with 40% of reported cases occurring on riparian land and swamp areas. Factors such as poor soil quality, improper site preparation, and the use of substandard materials in the foundation contribute to structural failures.

4. Skilled Labour Shortage

The construction industry in Kenya faces a shortage of skilled labour, in contrast, there are many untrained or inadequately trained workers. The lack of expertise in construction techniques and safety measures increases the likelihood of errors during the construction process, compromising the structural integrity of buildings. This was also identified as a significant cause of building collapses in the 2020 NCA report.

Reflecting on the past, the year 2015 witnessed the highest number of building failures, with a record 27 structures collapsing and resulting in almost 100 deaths. Subsequent years saw a gradual decline, but the issue persisted. Residential structures accounted for the majority at 65%, while commercial and mixed-use spaces comprised 25% and 10%, respectively.

Addressing the issue of building collapses in Kenya requires a comprehensive approach. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, improving the enforcement of building codes, enhancing the skills of the construction workforce, and promoting public awareness of safety standards are essential steps. Additionally, collaboration between the government, the construction industry, and the public is crucial to ensuring that buildings are constructed and maintained to the highest standards, safeguarding the lives and well-being of the population.

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